Parallels Of Latin American Culture Essays - Pedro Pramo, Juan Rulfo

Equals Of Latin American Culture There is an uncountable measure of references of Latin American culture found inside the writing, Pedro Paramo by Juan Rulfo, and No One Writes To the Colonel by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. The inquiry is; can the peruser whose social encounters are situated in the United States of American relate and make pertinent to themselves the parts of Latin American Culture? Through the correlation of game, for example, rooster battling, a Latin American interest, The jobs of a modest community versus a huge urban American city, and the part the Patron plays in the network, it tends to be seen that the United States peruser doesn't have the Latin American encounters important to effectively identify with a considerable lot of the circumstances introduced in the writings. Cockerel battling is a significant game in No On Writes to the Colonel, and is alluded to ordinarily all through the book. Chicken battling is utilized as a methods for monetary increase what's more, an improvement in ones remaining in the network. Chicken battling in the story is seen in various lights. To a few, the battles speak to the danger of betting and the rotting condition of the general public. These individuals would see the rough and voracious nature of the sport as the people groups final hotel for monetary security with a significant expense to pay; ethics and goodness. The opposite side of the range would see the game as an exceptionally engaging diversion that has money related just as social advantages. A man could get rich and regarded off the battling capacity of his prepared creature. Strangely enough there is a profoundly comparative game in the United States that faces these accurate conflicting perspectives; for model, the exceptionally respected and ignored game of expert wrestling. One side of the United States populace would refer to this movement as an improper and appalling game that benefits from the desire for cash and savagery of a lower-class gathering of people. In any case, the rival side perspectives it just as a decent chuckle and a simple and engaging outlet for keeps an eye on equivocal craving for betting. These two equals between Latin American culture as introduced in these two messages and United States culture, clearly give the U.S. peruser the capacity to make the circumstances and side interests introduced in the book pertinent to themselves. In Pedro Paramo , the plot is based around an incredibly little and disengaged town named Comala, amidst the Mexican scene. This setting is regularly introduced in Latin American writing since it is just there where unassuming communities are disengaged from each other and the remainder of the world on account of hindrances in the landscape and correspondence, as well as custom. The city of Comala, and secluded and barren phantom city isn't addressed or exceptional when seen in Latin American writing, anyway there is very minimal like this to be found in the United States. The United States peruser would realize that all through the U.S. landmass even little far off urban areas are associated with the knot of correspondence, trade and the travel industry that is America. It is on the grounds that the U.S. peruser has never been in a situation as confined and totally isolated from a standard society as observed in Comala in Pedro Paramo, it is difficult to truly identify with that sort of setting. This is one case of the huge contrasts between the two societies that meddles with the perusers capacity to interface with the importance of a portion of the material in Latin American writing. One more model that shows the impact that the distinctions in the way of life of Latin American and the United States have on the perusers capacity to identify with the content, is the job of a Patron in a network. All through both of the writings the Patron plays a very significant part. He is dreaded, he is regarded and he is the degenerate proprietor of towns and their occupants. In the Latin American culture it isn't viewed as a monopolistic kind of circumstance, fairly to a greater degree a network head controlling the town. In a place where there is free venture and a spot where the legislature has power over the measure of control that one individual can have over the individuals, the perusers in the United States have practically nothing to identify with regards to the job of the Patron. In spite of the fact that the Patron plays a very strong job in Latin American culture, there is next to no correlation with something of that sort in the U.S. Indeed there is by all accounts one more

Kodak Harvard Case

Case arrangement reminder GROUP NAME _____________________________ YOUR NAME_________Jordan Lewis_______ CASE __Kodak_________________ 1. What is/are the problem(s) for this situation? Hold it to a solitary explanation. Probably, you may call attention to several the key inquiries. The issue in the Kodak case is that Kodak is losing market esteem since they are modifying their product offering, causing question in client attitude. They have made the Funtime film to endeavor to recapture advertise esteem. 2. What are the key issues? This is only a basic rundown (dense SWOT).You don't have to examine in incredible detail. The key issues are that they are losing market an incentive by changing their smash hit. By endeavoring to enter the economy brand-evaluating level, they have rebuilt and rebranded their different movies, making their customer question the nature of their unique item. They have renamed their superpremium film to relate with their superior image, which is a quality, ye t could lose a couple of their clients in the progress. By not intensely promoting their new line of Funtime film they risk not arriving at their consumer.From a business angle, it appears to be odd to commit so small advertising to another item, it appears just as they don’t care/have confidence in the item in the first place. 3. What are the other options? Be inventive! What are the key tradeoffs (stars/cons)? This ought to be a rundown of at any rate 5 other options. They don't all need to be great thoughts. This is a conceptualizing step - Take a level of the promoting/showcasing dollars assigned to the most notable, most bought film, Gold Plus, and use it to run one crusade for Funtime. - Find an approach to bundle the Gold Plus and the Funtime together. Publicize and market to current purchasers of Gold Plus, their most famous film. - Give a free example to 100 current Kodak clients, it’s not extraordinarily exorbitant and might have the option to produce verbal publicizing. - Sell each move of Funtime separately. Set the value point somewhat higher than the bundled evaluating would be, and advertise them as a speedy answer for those essential minutes when a photograph is required. 4. Present a quantitative examination of key other options (if suitable). This area may incorporate equal the initial investment, edge examination, ROI, LCV, etc.State obviously in the event that you don't discover important numbers for the situation. It is a fascinating methodology to sell the Funtime film in â€Å"value packs. † By selling them in packs they are making a generally comparative measure of cash, as they would by selling one move of Gold Plus film. On normal customers spent between $2. 50 and $3. 50 on a move of film so by packaging Funtime together and selling them for generally a similar cost as one move of Gold Plus, it appears as though a higher edge could be made by selling the Funtime rolls exclusively. If they somehow happened to sell them independently they could sell them for 0. 0 not exactly their Gold Plus and still make a tolerable edge, while keeping up the lower value point essential for the customer. The case expresses that Funtime is to be sold at a cost 20% not exactly Gold Plus, which is sold for 20% not exactly Royal Gold. 5. In your own words, what is your proposal? To begin with, what reason(s) do you need to pick this other option? Second, in what capacity will it be executed? Utilize the showcasing blend components and research parts as usage rules. The past areas can be copied inside your gathering, however this part ought to be individual effort.The best procedure is focus on the new product offering and advance it vigorously with a serious cost. Item methodologies: I think they have to rethink the manner in which they are bringing Funtime into the market. It looks bad to present an economy cost based thing into the market without publicizing it. In breaking down their objective just 10% were v alue customers, yet their director of general product advertising expressed that there is a noteworthy ascent in value delicate customers, so it would bode well to commit in any event a segment of the promoting procedure to the new value point product.Go for showcase entrance! Evaluating: The Funtime film is intended to fit the economy brand valuing level. Different movies in this level range from $2. 69-$2. 91. The case doesn't legitimately express the cost of one individual move of Funtime film. It does anyway specify that it is just to be sold in bundles of two or four. It would bode well to sell two of the Funtime films at the cost of one move of their top notch film. Be that as it may, they do offer more exposures in the pack of four and might sell it for a bigger margin.Especially in the event that they are attempting to contend with the private name edge which is higher than Kodak’s edge. To execute this valuing methodology I would publicize a â€Å"2 for 1† or â€Å"more blast for your buck† procedure, accentuating the quality or classification distinction too. Limited time thoughts: As an elective I would decide to offer some type of advancement for the Funtime film. I think that its important to advance another item, as opposed to present it two times per year in restricted amounts. An economy-based customer is searching for something simple, modest, and in a hurry, so make it effectively available to them.Promote it around graduation time, wedding season, and occasions with the goal that individuals make sure to get an additional move of film. By discharging it with barely any publicizing and on a restricted amount run it doesn’t show a lot of trust in the item in the first place, so forget about it there and advance it when vital. Conveyance strategies: Distribute at retail location, registers, close to picture outlines, in the photograph creating area of office and medication store. Possibly comfort stores. It is an eco nomy estimated thing, sell it where individuals will make it an extra deal item.Distribute where current clients of Kodak film shop so they may get familiar with it and comprehend its utilization. Research (objectives, strategies, and so on ): Research how different organizations promoted and sold their economy image evaluated film. Discover which customer would be keen on the film and target them. Utilize a review to ask current customers what value they would pay for a less premium film, and what they would expect out of it. Run a preliminary test in key territories and around top occasional occasions.

Books to Better Love Your City By Toronto Edition

Books to Better Love Your City By Toronto Edition So, I have two superpowers: I can fall into a deep and complete sleep the second it turns 10:30PM. I can move anywhere and be just fine. Well, I used to have two superpowers. Hyderabad, to Al-Jubail, back to Hyderabad, to Singapore, to Vancouver, to Muscat, to Vancouver? I’m totally okay. Vancouver to Toronto? Aaand I’m down a superpower. It’s only after reading The Ward: The Life and Loss of Toronto’s First Immigrant Neighbourhood that I started to feel less like a ball in a pinball machine. The essaysâ€"edited by John Lorinc, Michael McClelland, and Ellen Scheinbergâ€"were written by architects, journalists, writers of fiction, and more, some of whom are the children of immigrants. It’s a work of research and storytelling and family history. Working in a neighbourhood that is full of immigrants who perceive themselves as being better than brown immigrants, takes its toll on me daily. Reading The Ward was weirdly satisfying and reaffirming. It forced me to stop and take notice. It reminded that I’m not the first, that I belong, and not just because it says so in my passport. I want to say that feeling comfortable is the first step in lovingâ€"whether it’s a person or a cityâ€"but allowing yourself to relax is the much harder, secret first step. I’m teetering on this slab of stone, unable to see what the landing looks like, but I’m here because reading The Ward the helped. You know what else helped? A small, but mighty zine I came across at the Toronto Comic Arts Festival called Our Favourite Toronto Raccoons  by Sophie Paas-Lang. It’s exactly what you imagine: a mini-comic biography of the city’s most in/famous city critters. I know, quite a contrast to The Ward, but just as amazing. Switching from something serious about the city you’re in to something funny (and oddly human) about raccoons in your city, can really help the chemistry. You don’t want to go straight from the awkward phase to the we-have-three-kids-and-are-too-lazy-to-get-divorced phase. (I mean, ideally it won’t ever come to that, but it’s best to be prepared.) A little lighthearted fun helps further humanize every relationship, even one between you and a dysfunctional subway system. And even if I am slow to love where I am, I do know I’m lucky I get to live in a city so full of creative types. TCAF is a good reminder of that fact; especially when you walk by TO Comix’s table and realize they have entire volumes of comic-y love letters to the city, including Yonge at Heart and also  Osgoode as Gold,  which I should receive in the mail any day now. From what I understand, Osgoode as Gold are all stories set in Toronto, but some of them have fantastical elements and I cannot emphasize how excited I am about this. There’s nothing more fun than walking a street and realizing that THIS WAS THE EXACT SPOT THAT THE CHARACTER I READ ABOUT MET THAT DJINN WITH THE SWEET-TOOTHâ€"or something to that effect, I’m sure. Speaking of HEY THIS IS THE EXACT SPOT kind of books, there are a couple I read way before I had any intention of moving to Toronto that sometimes come screaming back to every now and again, while doing something mundane like grabbing groceries. It’s a good feeling, despite my use of the word “screaming”. Nalo Hopkinson’s The Chaos is one of these reads and every time I remember the book, it provides such a relief from the tedious, grey, and gentrified areas. The Chaos is so deliciously weird, so full of the flavours of various folklores, and so true to the spirit of Toronto. It’s basically The Ward on steroids, fight me. And then there’s Ins Choi’s Kim’s Convenience, which you really can’t not talk about if you’re talking about books set in Toronto. It is one of my favourite plays because even if I’m Indian and not Korean Canadian, I get some of the family issues so much. Being in Toronto, makes me appreciate the play a little more. When in Vancouver, it felt like the story could have happened anywhere in the world, but in Toronto, it feels inevitable that it be this family in this particular city. Also inevitably Toronto, I’m told, is E. K. Johnston’s That Inevitable Victorian Thing that is part-steampunk, part-fantasy, part-historical fiction, and the more I think about it, the more baffled I am that I have yet to read itâ€"especially since I enjoyed The Chaos so much. Different weird, I know, but still, they’re both weird about the city I live in! If weird is not your thing, perhaps I can interest you in the upcoming Pride and Prejudice adaptation from Uzma Jalaluddin: Ayesha At Last? Or, would you prefer something that roots you in a specific time and place? A poignant story of growth in a city that can both provide and devour? Maybe youâ€"and, to be honest, Iâ€"need Catherine Hernandez’ Scarborough. The longer I spend on this list, the longer it grows. I hope each book I add to my read list also adds to the affection I feel for this contradiction of a city. For anyone else who finds themselves in a place that isn’t quite theirs just yet, I wish you a plethora of stories to light your way home.

Literature Review On Start Stop System - 2172 Words

Literature review on start-stop system Zheng Tang z3430636 Ke Qiu z3446155 Shihao Liu z3439121 MECH9761- AUTOMOBILE ENGINE TECHNOLOGY The University of New South Wales Abstract As the increasing oil price due to the limited petroleum resource on earth, more and more automobile manufacturers focus on fuel-saving rather than engine performance. The approaches applied by most of manufacturers include adding turbo to downsize the engine, weight reduction and improving aerodynamics. Since early 1970s, Toyota first developed and tested the technology called Start-stop which would switch off the engine after sitting stationary for 1.5 seconds. After years of development, engine start-stop technology has been applied by almost all the†¦show more content†¦Traffic noise is the most extensive cause of environmental health problems in the world. Especially in urban environment, the number of people exposed to road noise is at least 5 times greater than all other sources (railways, airports, and industry) [4]. With the increasing number of vehicles equipped with S/S system. It is essential to evaluate the influence on noise emission exerted by S/S system It is also worth mentioning that the combined use of S/S system with some other complimentary designs such as lightweight body could result in tribology issue inside the combustion chamber [5]. Automatic start and stop system wears down the engine, it is possible to cause great extent carbon deposit because of frequent start-stop. Lubricating effect is reduced considering the reflux left after parking; the engine will leave suitable temperature zone, resulting in poor engine operation; in addition, the boot process since the acceleration is large, have a strong impact on automotive components. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Technological development on 12V battery for advanced start-stop vehicles As the core part of start-stop system, battery is required to provide high power, endure shallow cycling and exhibit long cycle life. Lead acid batteries are widely used today considering its low initial cost. However frequent high discharge canShow MoreRelatedImproving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of the School Bus Routing Problem1097 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION The Oxford dictionary (2014) defines a route as a path for getting to a certain destination from a start off point. The world is a global market and the journey of continuous expansion is on the rise. The demand for goods and services span from within immediate environments but also transcend cities, borders and continents. 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PaaS offers a platform where software developers, for example, can create computer apps, without necessarily buying the platforms themselves. The users pay on demand for the virtual computer system and platforms to execute their functions, after which they can release the service for other users. Third, the facility of software as a service (SaaS) entails the cloud service providers having a wide range of suitable software or applications, whichRead MoreElection System1609 Words   |  7 Pagesgovern the Studentâ⠂¬â„¢s Supreme Council. The election system must be sufficiently robust to withstand a variety of fraudulent behaviors and must be sufficiently transparent and comprehensible that voters and candidates can accept the results of an election. Unsurprisingly, history is littered with examples of elections having problems while ballot-based election is used. A â€Å"ballot-based voting system† is a paper-based voting systems originated as a system where votes are casted and counted manually andRead MoreThe Steps Listed Describe The Procedures I Will956 Words   |  4 Pagesthe procedures I will use to implement book clubs: 1. Introduction – Setting a purpose I will explain to students that our objective in book club for 7th will be accountability. To illustrate, I will ask students about their literature circle experiences. Unlike literature circles (which many students participated in during grades 3-5), no roles will be assigned but everyone is responsible for the reciprocal reading strategies. These strategies will be on an anchor chart to be displayed throughout

The Problem Of Evil, The Fine Tuning Argument And The...

In this essay, I am going to argue that God exists. The three main concepts that I’m going to talk about which which are the problem of evil, the fine tuning argument and the moral argument. According to theism, God is: â€Å"that being which no greater is possible, and he is omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent.†. By having a God who only desires good, and us living in a world where evil exists, it is logically impossible and that is what created the problem of evil. There are two sides of the problem of evil which are the logical and evidential argument. The logical side states that: â€Å"An omnipotent God would be able to prevent or eliminate all the evil and suffering in this world. An omniscient God would know about all the evil and suffering in this world and would know how to prevent it or eliminate it. An omnibenevolent God would want to prevent or eliminate all the evil and suffering in this world. Evil and suffering exists in this world, therefore, there is no God.† As long as evil and suffering exists in this world, God cannot exist. More importantly, it does not only contradict with the idea of God being â€Å"all-good†, but also him being â€Å"all-knowing† and â€Å"all-powerful† as well. Because, if God only desires good, how evil was formed unless God was evil in someway. If not, then if God has all knowledge, he should know evil exists. Even more, if God is â€Å"all-power†, he should be able to the evil and suffering in the that he created. So, the existence of evil contradictsShow MoreRelatedThe Basic Structure And Systems Of The Universe1298 Words   |  6 Pagesto exist. In other terms, and how this argument received its name, everything from physical constants in physics to the balance of energy has been fine-tuned to permit life. 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Thematic Essay Free Essays

Thematic Essay By Astrella Dacosta The world is filled with many different belief systems. All belief systems are different and influence their followers and the society differently. Judaism and Hinduism are belief systems that are great examples of this. We will write a custom essay sample on Thematic Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Judaism was developed in a land called Cannan, which is presently Israel. They worship in temples called synagogues. Most people credit Abraham to be the founder with creating Judaism, because he made a covenant with God. Some people credit Moses to be the founder of Judaism because he helped the Jews leave Egypt, and got the 10 Commandments from God at Mt. Sinai. The 10 Commandments are one of the teachings of Judaism. It gives followers laws to live by. Jews also believed in Monotheism. Monotheism is believing in one god. Jews believed that there was a single god that created the universe and that God also had an individual and personal relationship with every Jew. Judaism had influence on the people and society who followed the religion. A current influence Judaism had on its’ followers is the conflict in the Middle East. Many different religions claim Jerusalem to be their homeland, so they have been fighting for control of the city for years. Hinduism was developed in India and was a result of cultural diffusion between Aryan invaders and Native Indians. Hinduism followers want to achieve â€Å"moksha† which is their goal in life. It means to be freed from â€Å"samsara† which is the cycle of being reincarnated. To achieve moksha you must become one with Brahma. Hindus also believe that reincarnation is influenced by â€Å"karma† and â€Å"dharma. † Karma is the good deeds a person does in their lifetime. Dharma is the role or job that a person has in their current lifetime. Hinduism also had a lot of influences on the followers. An influence that is still going on is from that social caste of India that originated from Hinduism is still strongly believed in. The caste system was a class structure that seems harsh to the lowest class. Even though the caste system has been outlawed, many people still heavily believe in it and live by it today. There are many diverse religions around the world. All religions have some sort of influence on their followers based off of how they practice it. Some belief systems are very similar, but still there are differences. Those differences also influence the followers of that religion differently. How to cite Thematic Essay, Essay examples

Manatees Essay Example For Students

Manatees Essay Quietly, but swiftly, the plump, dark animal glided across the waterwhile making sounds comparable to that of the squeaks and squeals of a whale(Florida Manatee 1). Some would say these aquatic mammals are the ugliestthing below the surface, others would say that these animals are beautiful andresemble portly mermaids, but no matter what anybody says about the manatees,they are unique creatures (Ray and Ciampi 315). They are mammals that arecompletely harmless, they feed mostly on sea grass and sometimes smallunderwater creatures like shrimp (Berrill 212). It is a shame for thesecreatures to be on the endangered species list. Looking at the physical aspect, these animals are incredibly uncommon,and like no other creature on earth. These majestic beasts can float across thewater amazingly fast for its size (Florida Manatee 1). They can weigh up to aton, and get as long as fifteen feet. They are almost devoid of hair, except forsome whiskers on their face, and they have internal ears on the sides of theirhead. Their nostrils are closed by valves, so they can accomplish such feats asflips and quick turns without losing any air. Manatees have no hind legs, butinstead one big, flat, spatula-like tail (Sentman 327). This feature made peopleconfuse manatees with mermaids for nearly four centuries (OShea 66). Many biologists say that manatees possibly originated or evolved fromungulates such as elephants and cows because of the way that they are built, andcertain features that they have in common. Like elephants, manatees have thepeculiar half-moon shaped fingernails, and thick, wrinkled skin. Manatees alsoshares some traits with cows. The way the manatees spend all day lazily grazingon the ocean floor is incredibly similar to the behavior of cows at a pasture(Breeden 58). Manatees eat an outrageous amount of food, they consume approximatelyten percent of their body weight daily. The large quantities that the manateeseat is another one of its unique qualities (Florida Manatee 1). People use themanatees as natural underwater lawn mowers, setting them free in lakes thathave too much sea grass or plants. The manatees consequently eat up thevegetation, which frees up space to allow other wildlife to inhabit the lake. Manatees are also used to clear up canals and irrigation rivers that are cloggedwith an extreme amount of aquatic plants (Manatee Facts 1). The large diet canalso be a disadvantage. With the amount of vegetation in manatee habitatsdecreasing tremendously, the manatees are in danger of starving to extinction. The underwater plants do not survive because of mans harmful deeds such aspollution, erosion caused by deforestation, and draining wetlands for thebuilding of coastal homes. Since the 1970s, in Tampa Bay alone, eighty percentof sea-grass beds have vanished due to these causes (OShea 68). Manatees can also be silly and clumsy at times, they have very badeyesight and do not have the attribute of sonar or echo location that someunderwater mammals have. This causes them to occasionally bump into largeunderwater rocks and other submerged objects. The poor navigational abilities ofthe manatee is an obvious disadvantage. A fast oncoming boat may not be seen bya manatee until it is too late (Manatee Facts 1). Manatees are mainly solitary animals, they graze alone and do not travelin groups. Although sometimes, manatees may be seen in temporary groups in whichthey will socialize, and leave at anytime. They communicate mostly using faintwhistles and squeaks, but some biologists speculate that they use scent marks tomark their location like some land mammals. Newborn manatees will also stay withtheir mother for at least a year, and will recognize her for the rest of itslife. If needed, nursing females will adopt a manatee calf that is not its own(OShea 70). This type of social behavior shows that manatees are extremelypeaceful, and very friendly. The Jataka EssayNot considering humans, manatees have almost no natural predators, butsometimes manatees may be killed by what they eat. Manatees consume a wide rangeof aquatic plants, including algae, which may contain brevetoxin. Brevetoxin isa bacteria that kills many aquatic animals including fish, and apparentlymanatees. Brevetoxin is usually found in a type of reddish-brown algae calledthe red tide. Last July, the bacteria alone killed 304 manatees creating a newofficial record for most manatees killed in a year (Toxin Killed Manatees A18). Aside from Brevetoxin, the manatees only natural predator is its unawareness,they sometimes drift too far north, and get killed by the cold sea water. Thisis a problem that whales and other large sea mammals also have to face. (OShea68)Having been studied seriously only since the mid 1900s, manatees are afairly new creature in the science community. This is probably because thatmanatees are very timid creatures which makes them hard to analyze. Still, notmuch is known about the manatees to this present day. We do not know basicfundamental facts such as where they go in the warmer climates, exactly how longthey live, and most importantly, precisely how many manatees are in existencetoday (Breeden 58). The lack of knowledge does not mean that steps are not beingtaken to study these animals. Recently, researchers attached satellitetransmitters to the manatee so that scientists can study their movement, andspeed. They have learned many new things from this study, such as that they cantra vel up to fifty kilometers a day, and go back to a designated location everyseason. Further developments in manatee research will help in preventing theaccidental death of many of these animals. The research that scientists havelearned from the transmitters will help in regulating boat speeds in certainareas to avoid the propeller deaths of many manatees, thus decreasing the deathtoll. The research will also designate specialized places to guard manatees,these areas will be watched very carefully by the US Fish and Wildlife Service(OShea 71). Scientists have no clue as to the manatee population before thecommercialized hunting of the 1900s, therefore, people do not know how large animpact man has made on the manatees. Even without the statistics, or the exactnumbers of manatees killed by humans in the past, we still know that man hascaused most of these deaths (Breeden 58). Whether it be by hunting, oraccidental incidents, man is the manatees worst enemy. To the average person,manatees may not seem important but they are essential to many living things,including humans. Manatees have ch Category: Social Issues

Sustainability of building

Introduction The environment is an important part of every human being. This is because it is what informs the quality of life that one leads. In essence, quality is defined by the environment or the surroundings that one has (Abraham 2006). Thus, maintaining a quality environment is usually on top of the agenda when it comes to establishing the kind of area that one is living in. We live in a society that seeks to ensure that development is achieved in all things. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sustainability of building specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is worth noting that most of development projects within the society emanate from the construction which takes place within the society. In this case the buildings which are put up need to meet certain standards which are in line with the expectations of environmental sustainability as well as ensure that the quality of the building is in accordance with th e stated regulations. It therefore follows that achieving sustainability is the role of the engineers (Jonker Jan 2012). Purpose of the report The purpose of this report is to establish the main considerations which need to be put in mind when designing buildings. It brings to the fore the importance of engineering which is based on strategy as well as technology based on progress (Jonker Jan 2012). Preview of the themes The main themes in this report evaluate the impact of the engineering projects on the environment. In addition, this report seeks to evaluate some of the strategies which need to be put in place in order to ensure that the negative impacts of the future engineering projects are mitigated (Abraham 2006). This will be achieved through ensuring that some of the major objectives are realized. These objectives include working towards ensuring that the maintenance of the options which are available meet a given criteria that is in tandem with the critical threats and objectives, secondly, identifying the critical threats with the intention of avoiding the threats to sustainability and lastly, being in a position of coming up with long term strategies which will work towards safeguarding the interests of the people as well as ensuring that the long term projects are beneficial to all the parties who are available (Wheeler Beatley 2004). Background: The goals The goal of any society is to ensure that there is both growth and survival. In order to achieve this, there is need to ensure that the projects and approaches which are put in place are sustainable and progressive. To achieve this goal, institutions and societies work towards creating more value than they consume. This is characterized by being innovative and creative amidst trying and tough times (Jonker Jan 2012). The goal of the environment is to survive and prosper.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15 % OFF Learn More In order to achieve this sustainable environment and ecosystem needs to be put in place. Essentially, this goal can only be achieved if people cannot stop or reduce extracting heavy metals, and establishing buildings and constructions which are depleting the earth’s very resources (Jonker Jan 2012). The degradation which has been taking place in the environment due to inadequate engineering strategies has led to the wasting away of vital aspects of the society. Thus, a framework which is defined by the right strategies needs to be put in place. This is because, without such frameworks, the future of the projects will be put into jeopardy. Furthermore, if these frameworks are not put in place, the chances of having sustainable projects and buildings in the future will not be guaranteed (Wheeler Beatley 2004). Time is another important aspect when it comes to sustainable projects and buildings. This is because, projects are established based on tim e frames in which they will operate. There is need to establish the positive and the negative effects of a given project within a given time frame (Abraham 2006). This will enable the engineers to be in a better position of establishing what aspects need to be given priority and which need tom be ignored. Consequently, the results which shall be attained will be in line with the objectives which will be worked towards (Wheeler Beatley 2004). Scope of the challenge of sustainability Owing to the nature of the problems which are faced by the engineers, most of them will tend to work based on the opportunities which arise. This poses challenges to the nature of the sustainability of the work which shall be realized. Based on this, the nature of progress depends on the ability to address what has been happening in the past. For instance, in developed countries, the effects of previous projects should be analyzed in light of the future anticipated projects. Through such ventures, the sustainability and the suitability of the buildings and nay projects will be realized (Jonker Jan 2012). Suitability of any project should be evaluated against the information and data which has been collected from other parties. In this case, engineers should work closely in consultation with other immediate stakeholders such as planners in order to be in a better position to provide and generate solutions to the prevailing circumstances. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sustainability of building specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through this, effective solutions will be realized with regard to the problems which are prevailing in light of the challenges (Wheeler Beatley 2004). The role of education One may ask, what role does education play in all these? Essentially, education forms a large portion of the process. This is because education provides the thinking perspectives which are informed by the phil osophy which informs the output or the products of an education system (Wheeler Beatley 2004). In as much as we may seek to establish much better projects which are sustainable, it is equally worth mentioning the fact that the system of education has not really played sufficient or adequate role in addressing these issues. Furthermore, the philosophy which was used in the previous society is the same philosophy which is still in use today. Therefore, the chances of having a changed approach to the issues which are affecting the society are almost brought to nil. In the current age, it is therefore important to integrate new versions of approaches with the better teaching and learning approaches. Furthermore, the engineering curriculum should be able to provide a platform which will or can harmonize the traditional techniques of solving designs as well as the current trends. Through this, engineers will be more receptive when it comes to accepting criticisms of technology regardin g the sustainability and suitability of projects within a given scope of time (Jonker Jan 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, sustainability is an issue which needs to be addressed in every circle of development. This is because it informs the approaches which should be taken when working on a project. However, despite the importance of the subject, little has been achieved especially in light of the curriculum which is followed by the engineering students. Thus, there is need to interrogate the best approaches that are bound to reinvigorate the engineering approaches and enhance creativity which will work towards solving some of the technological problems which are being faced. In this regard, technology will be able to provide solutions which will ensure that the problems which are presently being faced do not recur in the future Reference List Abraham, MA 2006, Sustainability science and engineering:defining principles, illustrated edn, Elsevier, New York. Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jonker, G Jan, H 2012, Engineering for Sustainability:A Practical Guide for Sustainable Design, Elsevier, New York. Wheeler, SM Beatley, T 2004, The sustainable urban development reader, Routledge, New York. This report on Sustainability of building was written and submitted by user Dominik V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Thailand Research Paper †Current Issues (300 Level Course)

Thailand Research Paper – Current Issues (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Thailand Research Paper Current Issues (300 Level Course) Kingdom of Thailand Ruler: King Bhumibol Adulyadej Prime Minister: Thaksin Shinawatra Capital and Largest City: Bangkok Monetary Unit: baht Government: Constitutional Monarchy Geography Area: 198, 455 square miles Boundaries: Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malay 506 km Climate: tropical, rainy, warm, cloudy, monsoons Terrain: central plains, Khorat Plateau in the east, mountains Demographics Population: 65, 444,371 Ethnicity/Race: Thai 75 %, Chinese 14 %, other 11% Languages: Thai (Siamese), English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects Religions: Buddhist 95%, Islam 3.8%, Christian 0.5%, Hindu 0.1%, other 0.6% Education Thailand has a very high literacy rate of 96% for men and women. The ratio of male to female enrollment in primary school between the years 1998-2000 is 100 to 96; and the male to female ratio for enrollment into secondary school is 85 to 81. Thailand has 26 privately operated universities and colleges. There are presently 42 universities and 36 teacher colleges. These universities offer a wide variety of courses at the Bachelors degree level in fields such as Arts, Business Administration, Education, medicine and many more (â€Å"2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake†). Thailand’s population is literate and educated as seen in the table below: Attendance of Males Females Adult literacy 97% 94% Secondary School 85% 81% Primary School 87% 85% Communication Thailand has 5.6 million telephones, 3.1 million cellular phones, 13.96 million radios, 15.19 million televisions, 1.2 internet users. There are 5 broadcast stations in Bangkok and 131 repeaters; as well as 204 A.M., 334 F.M., and 6 shortwave radio stations. Economics Thailand has industry in tourism, textiles, garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing, furniture, plastics, producer of tungsten and tin. Natural resources available within the region include: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable and land. Agricultural crops in Thailand consist of rice, corn, rubber, cassava, sugarcane, coconuts, and soybean. The Labor force represents 36.43 million in revenue from the following areas: agriculture 54%, industry 15%, service 31% (â€Å"2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake†); see graph below: Thailand’s GDP (gross domestic product) and PPP (power product parity) total $524.8 billion; $8,100 per capita. The unemployment rate is 1.5% and the mean income per household is $160,000 baht. Role of Women Women in Thailand are recognized toward contributions made in Thai society. Their roles have changed from a once perceived equal role in early history during the Sukhothai period to being discriminated against during the Ayudhya period. In early Thai history women were reveled as having high esteem and being treated well. Women were though to be business savvy and dominated their husband over financial matters in the home. With outside influences this equilibrium in gender roles faded to a period of much discrimination known as Ayudhya. The Ayudhya period of the fourteenth century was characterized by husbands practicing polygamy and wives being divided into different classes. A saying of this period was â€Å"Women are buffaloes. Men are humans.† The extreme legal oppression of women continued until the nineteenth century into the current Ratanakosin period. In 1985 the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination was held and as a result social changes for women were made in work, education, and legal matters; although this is not widely accepted by Thai men. Discrimination in higher education was reported in smaller colleges. Philosophy of using quota systems to attempt to control the number of women enrolled in science programs still exist. In the workplace women were able to receive equal pay, but are still unable to perform duties considered dangerous or strenuous labor. Thai women also experience difficulties with divorce laws. Divorces are more difficult for women to obtain, the responsibility of child support falls on the women, and nationality laws affect the identity of children born out of wedlock. Despite these setbacks women are making strides in the political arena, receiving better education and involvement in diverse career settings. Women represent 45.4% of the labor force in Thailand (â€Å"2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake†) Total Fertility Rate The current less than 5% infant mortality rate was 148 in the 1960’s and has dropped a great deal to 26 since 2003. Nine percent of infants were born with low weight from the years of 1998-2003. Life Expectancy The life expectancy of the total population is age 69. The typical age of death for males is around the age of 69-70 and for females age 73-74. Leading Causes of Death In Thailand, the main causes of death are Aids and the HIV virus. It has been estimated that 58,000 have died from HIV and Aids and that 570,000 are living with it. An estimated number of 12,000 out of 58,000 of the deaths in the past two years were due to HIV and Aids and 50 percent of the infections came from I.D.U’s (Injections of Drugs). The third major cause of death is road accidents. Most of the accidents happened in the northeast and the victims are found to be more males than females. According to Apichart Mekmasin, Director of the Public Health Ministry’s Non-communicable Disease Department, motorcycles were proven to be the main cause of road accidents. Ninety percent of the deaths were motor bike mishaps while 84 percent resulted in injuries. Dietary Staple Thai cuisine is pungent and spicy, seasoned with heaps of garlic, curry chilies, ginger, coriander, galangal root, basil, peanuts, tamarind, ginger, coconut milk, fish sauce and shrimp pasta. Main staples include: rice, fish, chicken, noodles, sugar cane and citrus fruits. Infrastructure Water resources are vital assets in the development of Thailand. The water is essential for human consumption, sanitation, the production of food and fiber, as well as the production of many industrial goods. The most striking characteristic of the water resource is its uneven and inequitable spatial and temporal distribution. In some areas they have too little water; others have too much, suffering from floods which can cause substantial loss of life and damage to property. The most important and the largest river basin in Thailand is the Chao Phraya Basin. Thailand is on a peninsula that is surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The solid waste is bulk collection and mass disposal. The Tsunami Thailand was hit by a Tsunami on December 26, 2004. An earthquake that occurred in the Indian Ocean, off the northwest coast of the Indonesian island caused the Tsunami. The death count is approximately 8,000. The most damage occurred in Phuket and Khao Lak both resort towns and slightly above sea level. The economic impact is considerable, although Thailand has a strong and flexible economy. Official Death Count Province Thai Foreign Deaths Total Injured Thai Injured Foreign Injured Total Injured Missing Krabi 288 188 686 808 568 1,376 890 Phang Nga 1,950 2,213 4,163 4,344 1,253 5,597 2,113 Phuket 154 105 262 591 520 1,111 700 Ranong 167 2 169 215 31 246 12 Satun 6 0 6 15 0 15 0 Trang 3 2 5 92 20 112 1 Total 2,568 2,510 5,291 6,065 2,392 8,457 3,716 Tsunami Aid Infrastructure damage to many resorts and small businesses around the Andaman Sea will take several years to rebuild. Debris remains in the reefs that were carried out to sea. Sediment, trees, rubble, cars and other debris were dragged into the ocean; destruction of housing, fishing boats and gear, cropland and plantations were wiped out. The water and air was contaminated by chemical waste from the homes that were destroyed U.S. government funds for the Asian tsunami reconstruction totals $525 million proposed to rebuild infrastructure and restore shattered livelihoods (â€Å"Reconstructing Paradise†). Tsunami Relief The World Health Organizations warned that the number of deaths from preventable diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, dysentery and typhoid could rival the death toll from the disaster itself. The diseases are more like to spread through bodily waste of the living after the loss of normal sanitary facilities. The U.S. embassy in Thailand, The U.S. Pacific Command, The World Health Organization, United Nations Childrens Fund, World Vision has helped more than 1 million people in the Indian Ocean region with shelter, food, economic recovery and other urgent needs. Contributing corporations were Coca-Cola, Exxon Mobil, Microsoft, General Motors , Pepsi, Nike, Johnson Johnson all donated money and supplies to the country (â€Å"NGOs respond to Asia tsunamis†). Work Cited Page â€Å"2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake† Wikipedia24 June 2005 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake â€Å"NGOs respond to Asia tsunamis† Reuters Foundation23 June 2005 alertnet.org/thefacts/reliefresources/110409431212.htm â€Å"Reconstructing paradise† lonely planet 4 June 2005 lonelyplanet.com/journeys/tsunami/thailand_reconstructing2.cfm â€Å"Thailand† The World Factbook 14 June 2005 cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/th.html Research Papers on Thailand Research Paper - Current Issues (300 Level Course)Influences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaResearch Process Part One19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionTrailblazing by Eric AndersonHip-Hop is ArtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

EMBA 550 inital post week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

EMBA 550 inital post week 4 - Essay Example Products are trauma (implants and instruments for surgical treatment of fracture), spine (treatment of degenerative instabilities, fractures, tumors and deformities for cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine), and CMF (craniomaxillofacial systems with complete array of implants and instruments for treatment of facial trauma, tumor resection and reconstruction, mandibular and maxillofacial skeleton) (Synthes, 2013). My company is St. Jude Medical, a medical device company. In choosing a second company to provide comparison, I selected another medical device supplier which, like St. Jude Medical, is among the 100 largest (based on revenues) firms in the industry, and which has approximately the same level of assets (SJM - $8.1 million, Synthes - $7.9 million) (Pharma.Live.com, 2012). The comparison is more relevant if it is between two firms engaged in the same scale of business. The customer experience is promised in their value propositions (Barnes, et al., 2009). Yes, the value proposition lies primarily with the types of products. The equipment and services of SJM address cardiac, neurological and chronic pain disorders, while that of Synthes addressed trauma, spine and CMF disorders. Secondarily, the value proposition also lies with the strategic vision. While both profess being guided by customers’ pain alleviation, SJM specifies its ‘focus’ is on ‘putting greater control in the hands of health professionals’ while Synthes specifies it is ‘Patient-driven, surgeon-focused, innovative, with attention to quality and integrity.’ The products Synthes innovates are concentrated on surgical wares, while that of SJM is more general, creating products for the health professionals to use in the course of treatments. The qualitative elements are correctly evaluated, because they pertain to the specific functions of precision instruments (products). Both value propositions

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 56

Discussion - Essay Example Although US had the highest GDP per person but its infant mortality rate was higher than France’s infant mortality rate which and similar was in the case of life expectancy rate. Countries that are poorer can establish better infant mortality rate as well as higher life expectancy rate as established in the comparison of France and US. This is because higher amount of GDP does not mean that the government is spending more on wellbeing and healthcare of their citizens. A country may be experiencing lower amount of GDP, but the amount of money it directs towards its populations healthcare determines how well a country stands in the measures of infant mortality rate. Secondly, the cost of healthcare even determines the countries standing in these measures. If cost of healthcare is kept low, then citizens can obtain better healthcare at lower prices. GDP per person statistics can only provide insight regarding how much per person is able to spend on goods and services, but does no t determines the amount of goods and services that can be purchased and the quality of goods and services that can be purchased by individuals, thus relying on GDP per person statistics does not provide a clear picture of a nation’s standard of

Concepts of Database Systems

Concepts of Database Systems Database system Concepts of database management-3rd edition Philip j.pratt .2000 A database is a structure that contains information about many different categories of information and about the relationships between the categories. Premiere products are a distributer of appliances, housewares. The company has used spread sheet software to maintain customer, order, inventory and sales. The premiere products database, for example, will contain information about sales, reps, customers, orders and parts. It will also provide facts that relate sales reps to the customers they represent and customers to the orders they currently have placed. With the use of database, employees can enter the number of a particular order and find out which customer placed the orders, as well as which parts were ordered. An entity is a person place object event of idea for which you want to store and process data. An attribute is a characteristic or property of an entity. For the entity for example the list of attributes might include such things as car colour and size. Rep. Rep. no. Last name First name Street City State Zip Commission Rate model Attributes An attribute is also called a field or column in many database systems. A relationship is an association between entities. There is an association between reps and customers, for example at premiere products. A rep is associated with all of his or her customers and a customer is associated with its rep. One-to-many relationship Each rep is associated with many customers, but each customer is associated with only one rep.ÂÂ   in this type of relationship, the word many is used differently than in everyday English; it might not always indicate a large a large number. In this context, for example, the many means that a rep can be associated with any number of customers. This is, a given rep can be associated with zero, one, Or more customers. A database is a structure that can store information about multiple types of entities, the attributes of those entities, and the relationship among the entities. A database, however, is much more than a file. Unlike a typical data file, a database can store information about multiple entities. There is also another difference. A database holds information about the relationship among the various entities. Not only will premiere products database have information about reps and customers, it also will hold information relating reps to the customers they service, customers to orders, parts to orders and so on. REDUNDANCY It is the duplication of data or the storing of the same data in more than one place. In the orders spreadsheet, redundancy occurs in the customer name column because the name of a customer is stored in more than one place. What problems does redundancy cause? It wastes space because you are storing the same data in multiple places. The extra space results in larger spreadsheet that require more space in memory and on disk and that take longer to save and open. When you need to change data, redundancy also makes your changes more difficult and time consuming. Finally redundancy can lead to conflicts. For eg. If you enter someones name and address in different columns than it will take time to enter and there is chance of making mistakes.

Cash Management and Short Term Financing

Running head: CASH MANAGEMENT AND SHORT-TERM FINANCING Cash Management and Short-term Financing University of Phoenix Cash Management and Short-term Financing Structured cash management and efficient short-term financing are both beneficial and important for a company to remain competitive in the market; this will help increase potential profit and shareholder value with the rising stock. Cash management is a tool for the company can use to manage idle funds (cash balances) that are not generating revenue giving the company the ability to use the freed cash to build sources for short-term financing through interest building securities. Cash management techniques include marketable securities, international cash management, collection/disbursement float, and Electronic Funds Transfer. Short-term financing give the company the ability to secure cash needed for production enabling the company to maximize profitability. Short-term financing methods include inventory financing, commercial paper, trade credit, bank loans, receivables financing, foreign borrowing. Cash management Techniques Float is the difference between the recorded available cash and the amount that has been credited by the bank, this results in a time delay when dealing with banking system and the mail service and clearing checks. A company will use the float to minimize collection times and increase disbursement dates to give them more time with the cash on hand to use in interest building securities. Electronic Funds Transfer is quickly replacing the out-dated check system, with the EFT system the ease of electronically deposited funds; this reduces the lag or down time traditionally associated with the manual check. This system increases the efficiency of the banking system and decreases float times for the company. International cash management allows the company to deposit money in countries with a high interest rate returns. This allows the company to invest in high return loans in a source of generating additional revenue. Marketable securities turn non-generating cash into interest generating revenue through CD’S, treasury notes, treasury bills, savings deposits, Eurodollar deposits and commercial paper. The techniques used in cash management are used to reduce or eliminate unwanted cash balances that do not generate revenue and turn them into interest earning securities. Collections control and management is vital in eliminating unwanted cash balances, the entire purpose is for the company to retain the highest rate of cash solvency to maximize profitability. Companies have reduced the use of â€Å"float† methods with the increase of EFT’s, time is not an issue with the EFT, and this transition takes place immediately. However, both float and Electronic Funds Transfer can be used in collections to maximize return. International cash management allows the company to reach for the highest interest rate of return not found in the United States, the use of this technique is more challenging; the ability to manage funds through different geographical locations and time zones can be extensive. The International cash is always susceptible to currency fluctuations, interest rate changes that could end in a lesser value than originally deposited. The International cash management runs at a high risk for the company but also has the potential for the largest gain. Marketable securities are a good technique for cash management but run the risk of company loss with increasing interest rates. Trade credit occurs when a seller or manufacturer of goods extends credit to the company in the form of accounts payable. Bank loans can be used to provide the necessary cash to implement expansion or new product development. Commercial paper is a certificate issued to the investor, by the company; this constitutes a debt that will be repaid. Foreign borrowing lets a company seek outside the normal parameter to obtain loans at a lower rate. Inventory and receivables financing let the company try to get based on their current asset value. Between all the financing options Trade credit constitutes approximately 40% of all short term credit to companies with trade credit a company can take advantage of discounts when the payments are made in a timely fashion, this give the company flexibility in deciding on how long to carry their credit debt. Both bank loans and trade credit are short-term provide immediate funds of financing. However, bank loans are at risk of requiring a higher compensating balance, which lowers the amount of actual money lent to the company. Commercial paper methods of financing have the advantage of being issued below the prime interest rate that banks charge. Commercial paper does not have the challenge of compensating balance requirements but the paper can be lost, stolen, misplaced, or damaged. The commercial paper process has mostly been replaced by a computerized version. Foreign borrowing, like the other techniques, is also short-term but runs the risk of foreign currency inflation or fluctuations. The use of receivables and inventory as collateral in financing is also short-term. Receivable has the advantage when the asset level inflates, as the value increase the amount of money increase that the company can borrow against. The uses of short-term financing or cash management both maintain the goal of ensure sufficient funds the company will need to maximize profitability. Cash management utilizes control over the receipt and payment of cash as to minimize non-earning cash balances and to capitalize the freed up cash in interest earning modes.

Sustainable Tourism Development

This article was downloaded by: [113. 210. 1. 106] On: 22 March 2013, At: 07:28 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Sustainable Tourism Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www. tandfonline. com/loi/rsus20 A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism Jackie Clarke Version of record first published: 29 Mar 2010.To cite this article: Jackie Clarke (1997): A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5:3, 224-233 To link to this article: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1080/09669589708667287 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www. tandfonline. com/page/ terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, lo an, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism Jackie ClarkeSchool of Business, Oxford Brooks University, Wheatley Campus, Wheatley, Oxford OX33 1HX Based on an extensive literature review, this paper proposes a framework of approaches to sustainable tourism. The framework is composed of four positions, chronologically sequenced according to th e dominant understanding of sustainable tourism as a possession or goal. The positions are those of polar opposites, continuum, movement and convergence. The framework offers insights into the development of the sustainable tourism concept and enables identification of an author’s approach to the concept. Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013Introduction The understanding of sustainable tourism has developed from the early ‘is it or isn’t it sustainable tourism’ debate, to the acceptance that research energy should be channelled into practical ways of assisting all forms of tourism to move towards sustainability. The fundamental difference is the assumption of the former, that sustainable tourism is, in some manner, already a possession of certain types of tourism or situation, against the acknowledgement of the latter, that sustainable tourism is not an inherent characteristic of any existing form or situation, but a goal that all touris m must strive to achieve.The tremendous volume of output on the subject over the last decade (Brown, 1991) has contributed to the recognised ambiguity in terminology (Beioley, 1995; De Kadt, 1990; Lanfant & Graburn, 1992; Murphy, 1994; Pearce, 1992, etc. ) and the surfeit of labels. For example, ecotourism has no unequivocal usage. It has been expressed as a symbiotic relationship between tourism and nature conservation (Farrell & Runyan, 1991; Valentine, 1993), been equated with nature tourism (Boo, 1990), and constructed as a Venn diagram (Buckley, 1993; Wight, 1995). Occasionally, labels are combined to produce hybrids (see, for example, Dernoi, 1988; Wight,l995).As a concept, sustainable tourism is still evolving. A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism Based on a critical literature review of both academic and industry contributions, the proposed framework comprises four positions of understanding of sustainable tourism. These four positions:  · are broadly chronolog ical, reflecting the dominant approach to sustainable tourism and offering insights into the concept’s development;  · provide a structure within which an author’s approach to the concept may be identified, affording insights for literature reviews.The framework is envisaged as complementary to other work (see, for example, Cazes, 1989; Pearce, 1992). As early literature commonly fixed on scale as the distinguishing feature, this is the unifying theme for the framework. As a 0966-9582/97/03 0224-10 $10. 00/0 JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM  ©1997 J. Clarke Vol. 5, No. 3, 1997 224 A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism 225 criterion, scale has shifted from an emotive or even antagonistic role to neutral ground. An overview of the framework shows the positions forming two pairs.The first pair regard sustainable tourism as a current possession of a particular scale of tourism, whilst the second pair treat the phenomenon as a goal to be striven for. Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 The first position of polar opposites A term adapted from Pearce (1992), the first, and probably the earliest of the four positions, was that of mass tourism and sustainable tourism conceived as polar opposites (see Figure 1). Alternative tourism was the popular label for sustainable tourism, mutual exclusion being implicit in the term.As a force, sustainable tourism was understood to be pulling away from mass tourism, which served as a point of repulsion (for commentary, see Butler, 1991; Cazes, 1989; Krippendorf, 1987; Nash, 1992; Richter, 1987; Travis, 1988; Valentine, 1993). Thus, sustainable tourism and mass tourism were stereotyped as the ‘good’ and the ‘bad’. The negative social and environmental impacts experienced at destinations were attributed solely to mass tourism, which was couched in emotive terms such s ‘hard’, ‘ghetto’, or ‘destructive’ tourism. Of course, mass tourism also related to scale, and the scale of the tourism involved was the principal defining characteristic for the polar opposite approach. Wheeller (199la) summarised scale as the focal point: the traveller is preferred to the tourist, the individual to the group, specialist operators rather than the large firms, indigenous accommodation to multi-national hotel chains, small not large — essentially good versus bad. Wheeller, l991a, author’s emphasis) Representing mass tourism, a Director of the Thomson Travel Group lampooned the approach by recounting his situation as an ecotourism speaker at a Royal Geographical Society gathering as being: rather like a cattle baron addressing a congress of vegetarians. (Brackenbury, 1992: l0) At its most extreme, advocates of alternative tourism pressed for a total replacement of mass tourism (cited in De Kadt, l990, 1992; Lanfant & Graburn, 1992) and of Cohen’s (1972) institutionalised tourist.Arguably, the position of polar opposites was strengthened by the presentation of mass versus sustainable characteristics in diametrically opposed tables (see, for example, Krippendorf, 1982; WTO, 1989). Such tables were developed into concrete notions of ‘bad’ versus ‘good’ (see Lane, 1989, 1990). ‘Mass tourism’ Conceptual barrier ‘Sustainable tourism’ Figure 1 Position 1: polar opposites 226 Journal of Sustainable Tourism Thus the earliest understanding of sustainable tourism was one of a dichotomised position.Believers in the polar opposite approach clearly regarded sustainable tourism as a possession of an existing type of tourism based on small scale characteristics. Ownership was claimed by tourism forms opposed to mass tourism. In short, small was synonymous with sustainable. Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 The second position of a continuum By the 1990s, the original position of polar opposites was generally rejected as u nproductive, but the notion of a continuum between sustainable tourism and mass tourism presented a flexible adaptation of the earlier ideas (see Figure 2).In recognition that sustainable tourism utilised the infrastructure, transport and reservation systems of mass tourism (see De Kadt, 1990, 1992; Krippendorf, 1987; Wheeller, l991a), spawned an accompanying tourism industry structure (see Cohen, 1987, 1989; Krippendorf, 1987), and had the potential to develop into mass tourism if not properly managed (Butler, 1990, 1992; Tourism Concern, 1992), the simplicity of polar opposites was adjusted to a continuum between the two extremes. Variations were appropriately placed along the spectrum (see, for example, Davidson, 1992).Although allowing some measure of degree, the continuum understanding of sustainable tourism still regarded the phenomenon as a possession and used scale as the defining criterion. Polar opposites and continuum therefore formed a natural pair. However, the continuu m approach to sustainable tourism was only ever loosely established; understanding was moving in a new direction. ‘Mass tourism’ ‘Sustainable tourism’ Figure 2 Position 2: continuum Criticisms: too simple, too impractical Criticisms and queries have been voiced over these early approaches to sustainable tourism.The idea of polar opposites representing ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ was denounced as ‘grossly misleading’ (Butler, 1990). Most criticisms related to one or both of the following:  · Too simple: the inadequate appreciation of tourism as a dynamic and complex phenomenon resulting in the inherent flaws in this understanding of sustainable tourism.  · Too impractical: the question of scale and the inability of this narrow view of sustainable tourism to offer practical solutions to the global problem of the burgeoning volume of tourist arrivals.Tourism is a complex and dynamic phenomenon (Heath & Wall, 1992; Przeclawski , 1993), yet sustainable tourism from the polar opposite and continuum positions assumed a homogeneity and simplicity in conflict with reality (Cooper et al. , 1993). Faced with the dramatic growth in international tourism from the 25 million trips of 1950 (WTO, 1993) to the 531 million of 1994 (WTO, 1995a) and its continued predicted growth (WTO, l995b), the replacement of mass tourism with the sustainable tourism promoted by the two positions was illogical. Being small scale, sustainable tourism lacked the capability (Butler,A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism 227 Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 1990; Cohen, 1987; Cooper et al. , 1993; Fennell & Smale, 1992; Pearce, 1992). Sustainable tourism could neither manage the number of arrivals nor replace the economic benefits accrued (Butler, 1992; Cohen, 1987). For Wheeller (1990, l991a, l991b), the idea was a ‘micro solution’ struggling with a ‘macro problem’. Furthermore, this understanding was inward-looking, failing to recognise the importance of other industry sectors and the wider perspective of sustainable development (Hunter, 1995).Indeed, the second pair of positions better demonstrate the influence of the sustainable development landmarks that shaped the concept (for example, IUCN, 1980, 1991; The World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987; the GLOBE ’90 and ’92 conferences; The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development with Agenda 21). Other criticisms concerned issues such as elitism (Cazes, 1989; Richter, 1987), the problems of ensuring local ownership and control (Cater, 1992), and inbalances in power (Wheeller, 1990, l991a, l991b).Butler (1990) argued that the approach to sustainable tourism portrayed a static picture of impacts. The revision of features related to time and process produced a less flattering scenario (Butler, 1990). For example, the more intense contact between host and guest over a longer duration resulted in greater damage to the fragile host culture than was readily apparent in the ‘good’ versus ‘bad’ tables. The emergence of these tables was partly a response to an over-simplistic interpretation of Krippendorf’s work (1982, 1987). Krippendorf (1987) was not opposed to mass tourism as long as it progressed towards ‘harmonious’ tourism.In fact, he urged that: only if we succeed in living with tourism as a mass phenomenon, ? , can we claim to have made a decisive step forward, (Krippendorf, 1982: 111, author’s emphasis) an assertion often overlooked by proponents of a polar opposite or continuum approach. The third position of movement Criticisms of the earlier understandings of sustainable tourism, coupled with a closer alignment to sustainable development, resulted in the demand to change mass tourism to more sustainable forms (see, for example, Bramwell, 1991; Butler, 1990, 1991; Cohen, 1987; De Kadt, 1 990; GLOBE, 1990; EIU, 1992).If the main problem of modern tourism is that of its huge number, (Krippendorf, 1987: 42, author’s emphasis) then mass tourism was the most visible and sensible candidate for initial reform. The sustainable tourism as understood under movement differed from the earlier definitions of sustainable tourism on three key dimensions:  · The issue of scale became more objective and less emotive. Mass tourism became the subject for improvement, rather than the derided villain.  · Sustainable tourism became the goal for attainment, rather than the possession of an existing scale of tourism. Operationalising current knowledge to move towards the goal became the 228 Journal of Sustainable Tourism (’mass tourism’) Large scale tourism Sustainable Tourism Goal Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 Figure 3 Position 3: movement practical focus of effort, rather than the ‘is it or isn’t it sustainable tourismâ€⠄¢ debate of previous years. Figure 3 illustrates the understanding of sustainable tourism by movement advocates. As a label, large scale tourism is preferred to mass tourism, for it sheds the negative connotations.Viewed objectively, large scale tourism possesses strengths which could be used to advantage:  · The environment is attacked by other industries, such as mining and manufacturing (EIU, 1992; McKercher, 1993), and tourism is dependent on environmental quality. The tourism industry must protect its assets; size is important, as large players exert pressure through lobbying power.  · Large scale operators have the marketing and communication skills, plus contact opportunities in bulk, to actively foster interest in sustainable tourism amongst the millions of consumers who purchase their products. Large size confers influence over suppliers and distributors, which could be used as a persuasive force for the introduction of sustainable policies along the supply chain. Of c ourse, there are less altruistic reasons for large scale tourism to instigate movement towards the sustainable tourism goal. The imposition of environmental regulatory control by governments grappling with world problems of acid rain, ozone layer depletion and global warming require a minimum response of compliance.From the demand side, the rise of consumer interest in green issues (see ETB, 1992a, 1992b; Green, 1990) provides the classic incentive of consumer needs. The interest expressed by consumers through financial institutions in environmental practices is a further motive. There are over thirty an ag em en im ts pa ct ys -e as nv ses tem iro nm s s – re ent men use t al Guid , re au eline cyc di s for le, red t susta uce inab le to urism Equity Company/organisation focus ta lm s pac im cts al pa lob G im al sic y ph al/ gic olo Ec (’sustainable tourism’) Small scale tourism iro nm en En v -e nv iro nm e nt al A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Touri sm 229 Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 environmental or ethical funds in the United Kingdom, representing approximately ? 750 million of investment; according to independent financial advisors Holden Meehan (1994), the idea of ‘profit with principle’ has moved from the fringe to the mainstream.Investors are stakeholders requiring satisfaction. There are many examples of large scale tourism proactively moving towards the goal of sustainable tourism (see Middleton & Hawkins, 1993, 1994; WTTERC, 1991–1994). British Airways was one of the first tourism companies to publish an environmental report (British Airways, 1991), the International Hotels Environment Initiative was a sector-specific project (Van Praag, 1992), whilst the ‘Green Globe’ programme was targeted across the tourism sectors (WTTERC, 1994).The World Travel & Tourism Council, a coalition of Chief Executive Officers from international tourism companies, established th e World Travel & Tourism Environment Research Centre (WTTERC) to monitor, assess and communicate objectives, strategies and action programmes in respect of environmental management (WTTERC, 1992). Over one hundred guidelines and codes of practice relating to tourism were identified (WTTERC, 1993); the environmental guidelines of the WTTERC itself provide a useful synopsis of the large scale understanding of sustainable tourism (WTTERC, 1992).As Figure 3 demonstrates, the focus of this approach is on the physical/ecological environment, with an emphasis on environmental management systems, incorporating techniques such as environmental audits of products, processes and issues, and environmental impact assessments. The fourth position of convergence The framework culminates in a position of convergence (see Figure 4). This position represents the latest understanding of sustainable tourism as a goal that all tourism, regardless of scale, must strive to achieve (see, for example, Inske ep, 1991).Accepting that the concept of sustainable tourism is still evolving, the absence of a precise goal definition is less important than general movement in the correct direction. Appreciating the wider role of sustainable development, this final position recognises two interpretations of sustainable tourism. The large scale interpretation of sustainable tourism (as portrayed in position three) has a dominantly physical/ecological perspective expressed as a business orientation. The small scale interpretation of sustainable tourism offers a social slant from a local or destination platform.It is akin to the understanding of sustainable tourism as alternative tourism under position one, except for the crucial recognition of the concept as a goal rather than a possession. Both interpretations:  · focus on the implementation of their current knowledge of sustainable tourism to move towards the ultimate goal of sustainability;  · seek future progress towards the desired goal t hrough the twin processes of further development of ideas inherent in their own interpretation and by adaptation of ideas found in the other.Together, this results in convergence towards the goal of sustainable tourism. For example, in this quest, large scale tourism is experimenting with techniques for inducing shifts in tourist behaviour compatible with environmentallyfriendly travel, an educational component instigated by the small scale enterprises. Thomsons now provide environmental guidelines for guests; TUI 230 Journal of Sustainable Tourism Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 Large scale tourism al nm vi ro En Figure 4 Position 4: convergence ave produced an environment ranking for products featured in all their mainstream Euro-brochures. In turn, small scale enterprises are learning about the development of effective environmental management systems, originally the territory of large scale organisations. In the UK, the environmental audit was promoted fo r small scale concerns by the West Country Tourist Board’s (1993) ‘Green Audit Kit’; the project was then taken nationwide. In addition, by embracing sustainable development, both interpretations are receptive to further ideas generated from outside the tourism sector.Like large scale tourism (see position three), the small scale interpretation of sustainable tourism has produced guidelines and codes of good practice (see, for example, ETB, 1991; Countryside Commission, 1991; Green, 1990), established destination-based projects (for example, the Devon-based Tarka Project) and offered and disseminated advice to interested parties (ETB, 1992a, 1992b, 1993). -e nv iro nm en ta l en t im g olo Ec m an ag em y ph al/ ic al sic en ts pa ct ys -e as nv s e s te m ir o nm sm s – re en use tal ent Guid , re au eline cyc s for le, r dit sust edu aina ce ble t ouri sm Equity Company/organisation focus ba Gl p l im s act p im Sustainable Tourism Goal ts ac Local area identity focus Equity Guid e Loc lines for al c sust ont aina Ed rol ble t uc ouri ati To sm on u of Au ris hos tc th t/to e n ha r uri tic act st ity eri s ti cs s act ts mp pac y al i rit ultur l im a c teg loc In o cial/ tion/ a S stin De Small scale tourism A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism 231 The completed framework Taken as a whole, the framework both structures and partially explains some of the conflicts and debates that have occurred in sustainable tourism.Although due regard should be given to the limitations of a framework based purely on a literature review and purporting to be complementary in nature rather than encompassing, it does present insights to past development whilst taking a view as to the direction of future advances. 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